Medieval castles

Castles of the Middle Ages In the 1 lth century, castles were served as the homes and fortresses of monarchs or nobles. They were also huge protection camps for the kings; they included every kind of defense known to medieval man. Anything from a moat, to murder holes, to arrow loops and this was all for the safety and protection of royalty. Overtime, the material used to build these castles improved by the matter of defense. Their purpose was extremely reasonable and a threat to many, but it was the private esidence of a king, not only for his families, but his dependents as well.Castles were built mainly on steep hills or even on cliffs, they were surrounded by wooden palisades and had many tactics of defense. With all of these strategies built into the castles, it was nearly impossible for enemies or intruders to trespass. However, castles weren't always built so sturdy, or such a great idea at that matter, they used to be made of wood and earth. When people realized how much easi er it was for them to be destroyed simply by being burned to the ground, they were then pgraded to stone and led.Castles were rarely made to be a comfortable place to live, since their purpose was for safety. The average castle had over 20 rooms, and not one was made for comfort. The Ground Floor usually was Just the kitchen and the storage room, the first floor was usually known as The Great Hall used for celebrations and ballroom dances, and the top floors were occupied by the lord and his family members. The dungeon however, is the room most people are curious about. It was a room usually located underground under a tower.This room was ntended for keeping prisoners, and in the most extreme scenarios, used for torture. The reason for the location of the dungeon was because the screams and cries were hardly ever heard. The castles also contained small personal chapels but this was the only room that anybody was able to visit since the Medieval Christian Church took over the everyda y lives and religious views of all people; its purpose was for prayer and asking god for forgiveness. These chapels were often built with a horizontally divided nave and were usually two stories high.The nobles and dignitaries sat in the upper level and the servants would sit in the lower levels of the chapel. The chapel was possibly the most perfectly furnished, richly decorated, and colorful room in the building. Since the time spent on prayer was expected four times a day, the chapel was occupied upon rising, at noon, in the evening, and before bedtime. They also consisted of crystal-like windows, which each had a meaning or story to it. Whether it was an image of God, The Virgin Mary, or even Just the angels in whom they believed were everywhere watching over them.The outside of the castle wasn't so pretty however, it may have seemed nice and peaceful from the outside but it was quite a surprise for others who attempted to trespass. It all starts when the king or lord places 14- year-old boys under the supervision of knights so they can learn a thing or two about chivalry, how to defend themselves with a sword, how to ride the horses into the battles, and so forth; these along with watchmen, guards, knights, and a porter to open up the main door.They each had their own positions and their own skills to rely on, some were trained rossbowmen, archers, lancers, and some Just had swords to defend themselves. The castle guards had to spend all day in front of a castle and staying alert. Even though these castles were made of stone, there were still a couple of possibilities that the enemy couldVe destroyed at least a part of the castle if they intended to, but it was rarely accomplished considering how difficult it was.Not only were courageous men securing the building, but they were even made in a way that it would force the attackers to spend more time and money trying to destroy it. The first line of defense toward an enemy and his crowd were the archers at t he top of the castle. These men launched incendiary arrows with their bows, making the enemy's wooden catapults engulf in flames. Along with that, the second line of defense was the lancers. They were men, with a sword-like weapon, riding on their horses fighting through the opposing crowd going around the building, taking out those who were a threat to the castle.Last but not least, the knights were the soldiers that were, most of the time, ositioned at the front of the gate and drawbridge. Their weapons were usually swords and axes and their suits were made of armor, hence the reason they were strategically positioned near the gates in case of any attackers that got too close. There was a lot of effort and money put into these castles to get them to be almost indestructible and they were no doubt an important lifestyle to royalty. They were the palaces of the nobles and the monarchs; they were a place for the kings family and dependents to feel safe and powerful.

Marketing Strategy for Aston Martin Cars

A critical analysis of the Aston Motors company has showed that the company has a number of strengths that it can based on for its economic success. Some of these include the ability to produce very good quality of cars.This can be traced back to the company's excellent group of engineers who design and recommend the use of high quality materials for their newly designed models. It is also important to note that although the panel of engineers can recommend the best materials, it is the supplies department of the company that is actually responsible for this strength.Second, the company has a very good reputation in the market on which it can capitalize to win the customers amid a very competitive motor manufacturing industry.The company is very well known for producing cars that have severally won in motor sport competitions and which are known for their uniqueness in terms of quality and body as well as chassis designs.Another strength for this company emerges from this aspect of q uality expertise and a good capital base in that it has the capacity and potential to increase its designs and quality products.The brand name of Aston Motors company is Aston Motors and it is very much selling in the market. The company can also consider its reputable brand name as one of its major strengths because it can form a strong basis of the company's further expansion plans.Due to its powerful brand name, the company's branch based in south Africa realised annual sales that were about three times the number of cars it expected to sale. Specifically, it had predicted an annual sale of about forty cars in its first year since establishment in South Africa but it turned out that the actual sales were something to do with one hundred and fourteen cars (Bright 2007).Several weaknesses have also been identified in the Aston Motors company or in the way it makes its daily operations. First, the company was established to have poorly competed in the motor industry especially with when compared with some of the major industries in small car manufacturing.Second, the top management of the company has continuously neglected to address the needs of middle class population all over the world who form a sizeable potential market.Instead, it has chose to address the needs of a very thin segment of the society who are mainly the noble people, the celebrities and companies that sponsor motor sports when they need to buy cars for their candidates (Doolittle 2003). This has been perceived negatively by most people irrespective of race or geographical location.A close look at the history of the Aston Motors company shows that the company has not made faired well in terms of making profits out of its business operations. It is an historic trend that can be traced back to the first world war (Gartman 1994)..Although there are other small car manufacturing companies that have performed much worse than this, for example the Lotus motors, each company operates on its own and the performance of one company can not be a measure of how another is performing.Therefore the Aston Motors company should not use the failure of a few of it competitors as an excuse of its continues poor performance.

The soicial functions of design and public design Research Paper

The soicial functions of design and public design - Research Paper Example A growing number of organizations, especially in the public sector; this across Western societies, are constantly seeking out innovations in the sphere of public design and design in general. The resultant effects of the global financial crisis have thrown many governments and their respective administrations into immense challenging situations. Every society has its own culture and traditional practices that make it unique. The cultural practices of different societies, in the world, are made and challenged by social groups depending on their benefit or detriment. Design and public design is one of the ways through which the process of constructing and challenging cultural issues. for instance, graphic design communicates the cultural and social beliefs that are practiced by political and economic groups and the society, at large. It is part and parcel of a process where beliefs and values are changed and transferred from one place to another. It does this in order to teach people n ew cultures and ways of doing things that are practiced in other societies. Design has a social role because it serves to change the beliefs and mindsets that people have about certain issues of life. In this case, change means the altering or transforming of beliefs and attitudes that affect people. For example, graphic design is a manifestation of the cultures that exist in different societies. Through design, people reproduce social power and imbalances, ways of communication and ideologies challenged or supported by people. Design amplifies and controls communication through publicizing messages without having to publish them. Design is a form of communication that travels through the world collecting and passing information about cultures and ways of interaction through criticism and viewpoints. For example, during the 1979 elections in Britain Graphic design was a radical and a driving force for social change through the support of right wing party ascension towards government . Design has been as a force that forges resistance to social order and authority that are discriminative upon the people (Ellis, 2010). Design and public design are also important to the society in the sense that it constructs and reconstructs racial and gender identities among societies. Race and gender are artificial concepts that are formulated in the mindsets of people and are beyond biological differences between people. Race and gender concepts are created and created and communicated through aspects, such as design and public design. This is because design travels throughout the world without difficulties. It communicates sociological concepts throughout the world without distinguishing distance, time or space. This way, they create social identities that are translated into beliefs held by people (Richard, 1990). Most European countries such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Greece, just to name but a few have faced bankruptcy for some time. This has necessitated, due to the tremendous pressure present, a dramatic shift towards reforming the public sector, including pension systems among others. Even those governments in less dire situations are also undertaking similar if not as radical measures as their counterparts. Examples include the United Kingdom’s introduction, through its coalition government; the notion of ‘Big Society’

Management and Production at River Woods Case Study - 1

Management and Production at River Woods - Case Study Example A weakness brought to this situation is a lack of flexibility related to not having an adequate reward or penalty system in place that provides recognition for high performers and reprimands for non-productive individuals or work teams. The method of increasing power is to consider the strategic contingencies necessary to centralize the role of plant manager. Rather than simply relying on management meetings to discuss information, the plant manager needs to become more central to the flow of information, knowledge sharing, financing, marketing, and production team activities. By centralizing decision-making, it will increase power and positional status. The current decentralized organization is what is leading to higher absenteeism and the inability to maintain quality standards and productivity. Rather than simply scheduling a meeting and identifying changes required, more visibility is required by structuring and participating in a problem-solving task force. Even though there seem to be positive attitudes about changes as they are being presented by the plant manager, the actions undertaken by managers and staff are less than satisfactory related to absenteeism, productivity, and quality. The plant manager needs to express their own knowledge, skills, and innovations and also provide a forum for the quality control, engineering, production, etc., divisions, to voice their concerns over performance and provide innovative potential solutions. By mediating these problem-solving sessions, more participation and dedication is created through teamwork development and also reinforce that the plant manager maintains the knowledge, skills, and expertise necessary to drive effective leadership policies. This will also increase the plant manager’s legitimacy by constantly rein forcing the company’s core values and show a willingness to model this same quality, productivity and leadership standards to gain commitment.

Arguement essay ---education related( preferred differences between

Arguement ---education related( preferred differences between chinese and western education - Essay Example Education happens through exploration, preparing or teaching under the direction of instructors and can too be self-teaching. Teachers have the obligation to instruct their learners in the most ideal ways that could be available. Educating is the giving of information, aptitudes and qualities to the learners through the use of suitable teaching methods that are satisfactory. Through the routines the general public has the capacity accomplish set objectives and instructive destinations (Chua 67). Good teachers know how to viably teach their students the skills they really require in life based on the numerous teaching techniques. Therefore, educators must be adaptable in their teaching methods and frequently modify their styles to have the capacity to suit all students, thus effective education. However, the obvious question that has led to heated debates is â€Å"what makes the difference in education?† The difference comes as a result of different education systems that are adopted by the various nations; most countries use different approaches in their teaching and learning. This brings the big difference that is between Chinese system of education and that of the Westerners. First and foremost, the most detectable contrast at the center school and secondary school level is the size of the classes (Hsu, and Yuh-Yin 17). In china teachers regularly teach two classes with 55 to 60 students. While on the other hand, American secondary teachers regularly teach five or six classes with class sizes extending from 25 to 30. It should be noted that students have got different behavioral entries based on their psychological development, socio-economic background and culture as well. This makes it very important that the teacher-student ratio be manageable, so that every st udent gets special attention. In Western culture, students are free to ask and answer questions in order to get clarifications, they

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN RESOURCES SESSION LONG PROJECT 1 Essay

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN RESOURCES SESSION LONG PROJECT 1 (USAA)EMPLOYMENT LAW - Essay Example The company has its head quarters in San Antonio Texas and it is one large single occupancy office building. The company is not a unionized company. USAA has a strong and well developed human resources team which deals with all the employee needs. The company currently is a home for almost twenty two thousand employees. The human resources team is well developed and well equipped to meet the needs of the employees. The company deals with a number of different products which are highly competitive in nature and are focused mainly for the military families. The company also offers a number of products to the general public as well. These include, investments, financial planning, life insurance and also other banking products like savings accounts, checking accounts and also CDs (USAA). The main aim of this organization however has solely been to provide financial strength and a strong foundation to the military families which depend on the company for higher and superior products and s ervices. USAA and Laws: The changes in the law and major court decisions leads to a few changes in the overall organization. USAA can be impacted by the changes in the law.

Lautreamonts Sewing Machine and Umbrella Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lautreamonts Sewing Machine and Umbrella - Essay Example Descriptions of Lautreamont’s work echo the same type of influences identified in Dali’s work nearly a century after Lautreamont’s death. Working with literature rather than paint, Lautreamont painted pictures in the mind of his readers that were vividly graphic and altogether disturbing in their character. â€Å"One of the earliest and most astonishing examples of surrealist writing, Lautreamont’s fantasy unveils a world – half vision, half-nightmare – of angels and gravediggers, hermaphrodites and pederasts, lunatics and strange children. The writing is drenched with an unrestrained savagery and menace, and the grandiose by turns – possesses a remarkable hallucinatory quality† (Siquiera, n.d.). Lautreamont’s effectiveness is translated particularly in his ability to accurately present a vivid description of an everyday object or creature with such attention to detail and such precise selection of language that his image s leap off the pages to become real before the eyes of the reader, such as in his various uses of animals to more fully represent his intentions. â€Å"These creatures are presented with the sharp eye of the biologist. By likening humanity to animals, Lautreamont achieves a double effect: man comes off as debased and at the same time, elevated: to be like an animal man must be rid of all his pretensions and vanities. It is this pretense to culture and civilized behavior that sicken Lautreamont/Maldoror†.

How have changes in the world economy since 1945 affected room for Essay

How have changes in the world economy since 1945 affected room for manoeuvre of multinational firms - Essay Example The years 1945 and the early 1950 have experienced a fall in the multinational investments. One of the prominent reasons behind a fall in the foreign direct investments was spread of communism combined with the harsh impacts of World War II. There was a spread of Communism in the Eastern Europe in the late 1940’s, and China experienced it in 1949 (Jones, 2005, p.30). During the war, USA was the only country in which experienced a significant increase in foreign direct investments. However, there was an eventual fall in the investments followed by a dramatic growth of the domestic economy. After the World War II, there was a major geo-political division of the world. This division was between the capitalist West, the communist East and the Third World (Dicken, 2010, p.16). This division proved to be very important for the multinationals. This is because it was through this division that the companies determined their strategies to expand or to internationalize. An independent economic system was made by the Eastern Block, as it drew boundaries around itself and the Eastern European Satellites. This boundary was made so that the foreign companies could remain outside, hence they were entirely excluded (Jones, 2005, p.31). The Western Economic order was seen to be much dominated by the US. Western dominance advocated for liberalism at the same time they maintained strict protectionist policies. Moreover, the previously decolonized countries from the 1950’s were being colonized and this led to an unprecedented beginning of internationalization and the emergence of a global economy (Hewitt, 2000, p.289). Most of the countries consider themselves to have observed resurrection from the early 1950’s, when the USA was left in a unique powerful position. It was because of Bretton Woods’s system that dollar was set as gold convertible, which made it a major reserve currency of the world. Majority of

Globalisation is a trend which hurts the poor and rich Essay

Globalisation is a trend which hurts the poor and rich - Essay Example Theodore (1983) is usually credited with globalization's first use in an economic context. The term globalisation has come become popular since the 1980s. Technological advances have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions both trade of goods and financial flows. In other words globalisation refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries, or financial centers. There by turning the world into a global village. However, the opportunities provided by globalisation in real sense in not the same for all the countries and hence it has created an economic imbalance. This has resulted in the emergence of groups protesting against globalisation. This paper examines if globalisation has really been a curse for poor countries and a blessing for rich countries. As we examine the recent history it can be found that though globalisation offers wide-ranging opportunities for worldwide development, but it is not systematic in providing it in an evenly manner. It should be noted that some countries are becoming integrated into the global economy or the trends of globalisation more quickly than others. These countries which have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. In fact it can be said that the outward-oriented policies resulted in dynamism and greater success to much of East Asia, changing its status from poor countries to rich and prosperous countries. As the standard of living rose in these regions, it was possible to make advancement on democracy and economic issues. It should be noted that the opportunities of globalization comes with risks. For instance, the risks arising from volatile capital movements, the risks of social, economic, and environmental degradation created by poverty, and many more (IMF Staff, 2000). However, the countries which has prospered using globalisation has also had the similar risks, the only difference is that they took this as an opportunity to fight poverty and the others who did not make it, took globalisation as a reason to balm for poverty. The wave of globalization has been accompanied by policies changes that have opened economies domestically and internationally. During the past few decades, many governments adopted free-market economic systems, enormously increasing their own productive potential and creating numerous new opportunities for international trade and investment. In order to promote trade in goods, services and investments, many governmentshave established international agreements and changed their policies that dramatically reduced barriers to commerce. These countries in order to take full advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets have allowed the growth of multinational corporations, built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. As a result these countries have benefited immensely. After the MNCs and the foreign companies, the advancement in technology has been the next most important driver of globalization. Development and advances in information technology, in particular, have significantly transformed the economic status of different countries.

How to use organizational communication more effectively Annotated Bibliography

How to use organizational communication more effectively - Annotated Bibliography Example How to use organizational communication more effectively? The deference inherent in approaches can be perceived as in communication the art can be tapped to influence. It has the potential to bring change by driving perception required into organizational workers and be able to pull workforce in a given direction hence achieving efficiency through communication. Consistency in appeasing and the honoring recipient is the way forward because psychologically human beings yield to praise and acknowledgement than open rebuke. Within the aspect of communication are the varying means of communication, which are either nonverbal or verbal communication. It is in itself a variation. Non-verbal communication in a positive manner is the use of constriction, slouching, smiling, and patterns of the eye, which are in tandem with speeches conveyed verbally. There are theories dictating loss or competition expressing deference. It is a functional behavior. In addition to fighting for power, retaining status in a goal that most employees nowadays endeavor to achieve through deference in communication is frequently witnessed. The paper focuses organizational communication that revolves around decision-making. In addition, the art of communication decisions made largely affect how they are made and promoted in an organization. In a bid to improve efficiency in operation and to consolidate the workforce, the paper gives an insight into communication. The efficiency derived from it and much of it how they affected performance.

Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay Example for Free

Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay Cell-to-cell communication is essential in multicellular organisms. They must communicate to coordinate activities such as growth and development, and reproduction. In addition unicellular organisms communicate with each other. Signals may use light, or touch but we will focus on chemical signals. 1. External signals are converted to responses within the cell a. Evolution of cell signaling i. In yeast a cells and ÃŽ ±cells both secrete chemicals, which can only be received by the alternate type yeast. This signals the two cells to join via fusion 1. The process by which the signal on the surface of the cell is converted to a series of steps by the cell in response is called a signal transduction pathway ii. Signal transduction pathways are very similar in yeast and in complex multicellular organisms 2. This leads scientists to believe that this pathway evolved first in ancient prokaryotes b. Local and long distance signaling iii. Local signaling 3. Adjacent cells of plants and animals may communicate through cell junctions a. Signaling substances dissolved in the cytoplasm travel between cells i. Plants = plasmodesmata ii. Animals = gap junctions 4. Animal cells may use the following b. Cell-to-cell recognition iii. Direct contact between membrane-bound cell-surface molecules iv. Important in embryonic development and immune response c. Paracrine signaling v. Uses local regulators which are released and travel only a short distance to nearby cells vi. Ex. Growth factors target nearby cells to grow and divide d. Synaptic signaling vii. Electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers a chemical release across a synapse to trigger response in target cell viii. Ex. Nerve cells iv. Long- distance signaling 5. Both plants and animals use hormones e. Animals (endocrine signaling) cells release hormones which travel in the circulatory system to target cells f. Plants hormones travel in vessels or by diffusion through the air as gas g. Hormones vary in size and shape 6. Nervous system signals can also be long distance c. The three stages of cell signaling: A preview v. Reception: when the target cell detects a signaling molecule. The signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein on the target cell’s surface vi. Transduction: After binding the receptor protein is changed in some way, this converts the signal to a form that will bring about a specific cellular response 7. May occur in a single step or a series of changes vii. Response: The transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response. 8. Catalysis of an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, activation of a specific gene 2. Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape d. To ensure signals are sent to the correct cell signaling molecules act as a ligand. viii. Ligand- molecule that specifically binds to another (usually larger) molecule ix. The receptor protein then usually changes shape x. May be located on the membrane or inside the cell e. Receptors in the plasma membrane xi. Water-soluble signaling molecule binds to receptor on the membrane causing it to change shape or aggregate. f. Intracellular Receptors xii. Found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells 9. Signaling molecule must be hydrophobic enough or small enough to pass through the plasma membrane h. Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide | Examples| Pathway| Other| G-Protein Coupled Receptors| Yeast mating factors, epinephrine, hormones, neurotransmitters| 1. signaling molecule binds to the g-protein receptor 2. receptor changes shape and the cytoplasmic side binds to the inactive G protein 3. GTP then displaces to form GDP and activates the protein 4. Activated G protein diffuses along the membrane to an enzyme altering the enzyme to trigger the next step| Bacteria such as whooping cough, botulism and cholera disrupt this pathway| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases| Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups| 1. binding of two signaling molecules to two tyrosine chains causes the two to associate with each other forming a dimer 2. dimerization activates the tyrosine kinase region to add a phosphate from and ATP to each tyrosine in the polypeptide 3. each tail can now bind to and activate a different specific relay protein within the cell| One receptor may activate ten+ pathways. Absence can result in cancer| Ion Channel Receptors| Nervous system| 1. signaling molecule binds to the ion channel in the membrane 2. protein changes shape creating a channel through the membrane 3. specific ions can now flow through the membrane which may cause a change in the cell or trigger another pathway| Some ion gated channels are controlled by change in voltage rather than binding of a ligand| g. Intracellular Receptors xiii. Ex. Testosterone 10. Hormone passes through the plasma membrane 11. Testosterone binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm activating it 12. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to a specific gene 13. The bound protein acts as a transcription factor, stimulating the transcription of the gene into mRNA 14. The mRNA is translated into a specific protein 3. Transduction: cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptor to target molecules in the cell h. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation xiv. Proteins can be activated by the addition of a phosphate group (often broken off of ATP or GTP) 15. Phosphates are transferred from ATP to a protein by a general group of enzymes known as protein kinases i. Phosphorylation often causes the protein to change shape j. This happens because the added phosphate group interacts with polar or charged amino acids within the protein xv. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from a protein 16. Mechanism for turning off signal transduction 17. These also allow for turning off and reusing pathways i. Small molecules and ions as second messengers xvi. Molecules other than proteins act as second messengers 18. Small and water soluble such as ions k. This allows them to rapidly spread throughout the cell via diffusion 19. Second messenger refers to anything after the first messenger which is the extracellular signaling molecule that binds to the membrane 20. Most common second messengers are cyclic AMP and Ca+2 xvii. Cyclic AMP as a second messenger in response to the hormone epinephrine 21. Epinephrine binds to receptor molecule protein activates adenylyl cyclase which can catalyze the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP l. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cAMP ix. cAMP usually activates a serine/threonine kinase known as protein kinase A which phosphorylates many other proteins m. cAMP is converted back to AMP by phosphodiesterase xviii. Calcium ions and inositol tripohosphate 22. Increasing calcium concentration causes responses such as muscle contraction, secretion of substances, and cell division in animals, and greening in response to light in plants 23. Calcium is usually in high concentrations outside of the cell and in the ER but in low concentrations in the cytosol 24. Pathway n. Signaling molecule binds to receptor   o. Phospholipid pinches off membrane IP3 is released as second messenger p. IP3 binds to receptor on ER causing protein channel to open q. Ca+2 is released into cytosol 4. Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities j. Nuclear and cytoplasmic responses xix. Pathways lead to the regulation of one or more cellular activities 25. Regulate protein synthesis r. Turning specific genes on or off (calls for the synthesis of mRNA from DNA) 26. Regulate protein activity s. Cause a shape change to turn a protein on or off 27. Regulate overall shape change of cell 28. Release of mating factors 29. Cell division k. Fine-tuning of the response xx. Signal amplification 30. Enzyme cascades amplify effects by increasing the product at each step t. Enzymes stay active long enough to work on multiple products before becoming inactive xxi. The specificity of cell signaling and coordination of the response 31. Different types of cells are programmed to respond to only certain types of signals u. Some cells will respond to the same signals but in different ways v. This is because different cells have different collections of proteins xxii. Signaling efficiency: scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes 32. Scaffolding proteins increase the efficiency of the response w. A large protein with multiple protein kinases attached x. Decreases the time of the response because diffusion between proteins is not needed 33. Pathways are not linear, in fact the same protein may act in multiple pathways 34. Relay proteins serve as branch points where the signal may go in one of two directions xxiii. Termination of the signal 35. Each step in the pathway lasts only a short time, this makes the proteins ready for a new signal 36. When the signaling molecule leaves leave the receptor it reverts to its inactive form and the relay molecules follow

Measuring Binding Constant of Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) to DNA

Measuring Binding Constant of Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) to DNA ABSTRACT: The principle behind this lab experiment was to determine the binding constant of ethidium bromide to DNA using the known concentrations and the calculated value of X obtained from the equation. Ethidium bromide is said to have a high affinity to DNA, therefore, the expected value for the binding constant should be large. Two method were implemented in determining the binding constant of EtBr to DNA. The first method was by inputting the absorbance data using a fixed excel worksheet. The main goal was to manipulate the value in cell I24 to be as low as possible. After several trails and error, the final value of cell I24 was 0.00011316 and logK was 3.99. The second method was by simple manual calculation. The two methods yielded two very different results. By manual calculation the obtained value for K was 37,108.63 M-1, which was indicative that the final EB complex of DNA was larger than that of unbound DNA and unbound EB. The high value of the binding constant (K), demonstrates th at there is a high affinity of ethidium bromide to DNA. This correlates to the expected values of EtBr, which are reported to be in between 104 M to 106 M. INTRODUCTION: DNA plays an important role in biological systems being that it contains hereditary materials that is passed on to generations after generations. DNA contains sequences of specific bases within the DNA strands where it stores genetic information that can be readily replicated (Jeremy M. Berg, 2015). It is this sequence that determines the sequence of RNA and other protein molecules and it also transports most of the activities within the cells. RNA synthesis is a key step in the expression of genetic information (Jeremy M. Berg, 2015, p. 859). DNA is more than just a source of sequence information, but it is also the platform where binding proteins collate. This is an important factor for the development of many clinical drugs. The structure and function of drug targets are the basis for designs of effective and specific inhibitors. Though to be considered effective, the target drugs must bind to the enzymes or receptors with great affinity and specificity. Ethidium bromide, (EtBr), is widely used in many scientific laboratories to study the binding properties of DNA. Ethidium bromide is an aromatic dye that slips in between the base pairs of DNA. This binding of ethidium bromide to DNA is a process called intercalation. During this process, the structure of the DNA is changed and the distance among the base pairs in which it directly binds to increases. Resultant in the overall expansion of the dimension of DNA. Ethidium bromide exhibits diminutive base pair partiality containing moderate binding affinity depending on its ionic strength. The intercalation specificity depends greatly on electrostatic interactions and the formation of Van der Waals interactions between base pairs. It has the capability to bind itself to the hydrophobic interior in the stacked base pairs of DNA. However, Ethidium bromide is known to be a very potent mutagen, which is a chemical agent that can cause mutation in DNA cells and other certain diseases such as cancer. It is called an intercalating agent due to its ability to inhibit cell growth, DNA replication and transcription. In this experiment, we will be measuring the binding constant of the dye, ethidium bromide, using herring testes by method of absorption spectroscopy. Herring testes DNA (htDNA) is a natural DNA used in studies of DNA binding agents that modulate DNA structure and function (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc). This method involves titrating a series of solutions varying in DNA concentrations but with a constant concentration of the intercalating agent, ethidium bromide. By implementing this order of magnitude, it is likely to obtain samples with entirely unbound DNA and DNA that is saturated with ethidium. The solutions will run through the absorbance spectrometer at a wavelength of 480 nm. The absorbance measured will be used to calculate the bound ethidium. To determine the amount of bound ethidium the following expressions below is used, given that the information of DÕ†¢ and EÕ†¢ are known; where EÕ†¢ is the total ethidium bromide concentration and DÕ†¢ is the total DNA concentration. This information will allow us to calculate the binding constant of ethidium toward DNA. The equilibrium: D + E à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ C D = DNA E = Ethidium Bromide C = Complex K = [C] / [D][E](1) Solve for K: K = x/[EÕ†¢ x][DÕ†¢ x](2) Kx2 x(K[DÕ†¢] + K[EÕ†¢] + 1) +K[DÕ†¢][EÕ†¢] = 0 (3) Determination of the amount of bound ethidium (amount of complex, C): Aobs = ÃŽÂ µb x + ÃŽÂ µf [EÕ†¢ x](4) ÃŽÂ µb (480 nm) = 2,497 M-1 cm-1 ÃŽÂ µf (480 nm) = 5,600 M-1 cm-1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES: MATERIALS: 2 mM DNA (bp) stock solution with BPES buffer 2  µM DNA (bp) stock solution with BPES buffer 10  µM stock solution of Ethidium Bromide Micropipettes Microcentrifuge tubes Absorbance spectrometer PROCEDURES: Determine the volume of stock DNA solution and the amount of buffer needed for each of the nineteen samples before proceeding. *Refer to data tables* In the microcentrifuge tubes, make nineteen 1 mL DNA solutions by diluting from the 2 mM, and the 2  µM DNA stock solutions with BPES buffer. Then add 10  µL of ethidium bromide to the nineteen prepared solutions. Mix well and measure the absorbance at 480 nm. Record the absorbance for each of the nineteen solutions and use the information to calculate the binding constant K. RESULTS: DATA TABLE: Absorbance at 480 nm -Log[bp] [DNA(bp)] Volume 2 mM DNA Solution (in  µL) Volume 2  µM DNA Solution (in  µL) Volume of BPES buffer (in  µL) 0.018 3.0 0.001 500.0 XXXXXX 500.0 0.023 3.3 5.01187ÃÆ'-10-4 251.0 XXXXXX 749.0 0.024 3.7 1.99526ÃÆ'-10-4 100.0 XXXXXX 900.0 0.032 4.0 0.0001 50.0 XXXXXX 950.0 0.032 4.3 5.01187ÃÆ'-10-5 25.0 XXXXXX 975.0 0.029 4.7 1.99526ÃÆ'-10-5 10.0 XXXXXX 990.0 0.032 5.0 0.00001 5.0 XXXXXX 995.0 0.031 5.3 5.01187 ÃÆ'-10-6 3.0 XXXXXX 997.0 0.030 5.7 1.99526ÃÆ'-10-6 1.0 XXXXXX 999.0 0.032 6.0 0.000001 XXXXXX 500.0 500.0 0.033 6.3 5.01187ÃÆ'-10-7 XXXXXX 251.0 749.0 0.033 6.7 2.51189ÃÆ'-10-7 XXXXXX 100.0 900.0 0.032 7.0 0.0000001 XXXXXX 50.0 950.0 0.032 7.3 5.01187ÃÆ'-10-8 XXXXXX 25.0 975.0 0.034 7.7 1.99526ÃÆ'-10-8 XXXXXX 10.0 990.0 0.035 8.0 0.00000001 XXXXXX 5.0 995.0 0.035 8.3 5.01187ÃÆ'-10-9 XXXXXX 2.5 997.5 0.033 8.7 2.51189ÃÆ'-10-9 XXXXXX 1.0 999.0 0.030 9.0 0.000000001 XXXXXX 0.5 999.5 DATA GRAPH: CALCULATIONS: Sample Calculation for K: Using sample #4 Known Information: Aobs = ÃŽÂ µb x + ÃŽÂ µf [EÕ†¢ x] Aobs = 0.032 ÃŽÂ µb (480 nm) = 2,497 M-1 cm-1 [E]initial = 10  µM = 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-5 M ÃŽÂ µf (480 nm) = 5,600 M-1 cm-1 [DNA(bp)]initial = log(bp) = -4.0 = 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-4 M Solve for X: Aobs = ÃŽÂ µb x + ÃŽÂ µf [EÕ†¢ x] 0.032 = (2497 M-1cm-1)x + (5600 M-1cm-1)[(1.0 ÃÆ'-10-5 M) x] x = 7.73943 ÃÆ'-10-6 M Plug in value of x to solve for K: K = x/[EÕ†¢ x][DÕ†¢ x] K = (7.739 ÃÆ'-10-6 M)à ·[( 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-5 M) (7.739 ÃÆ'-10-6 M)][( 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-4 M) (7.739 ÃÆ'-10-6 M)] K = (7.73943 ÃÆ'-10-6 M) à · [2.26057 ÃÆ'-10-6 M][9.22606 ÃÆ'-10-5 M] K = (7.73943 ÃÆ'-10-6 M) à · (2.0856148 ÃÆ'-10-10 M2) K = 37108.63 M-1 K = 3.71 ÃÆ'-104 M-1 FINAL EXCEL WORKSHEET: After refinement DISCUSSION: The principle behind this lab experiment was to determine the binding constant of ethidium bromide to DNA using the known concentrations and the calculated value of X obtained from the equation. Ethidium bromide is said to have a high affinity to DNA, therefore, the expected value for the binding constant should be large. However, two methods were used to obtain the value K (binding constant). The first method was by using excel worksheet and inputting our data. The main goal was to manipulate the value in cell I24 to be as low as possible. After several trails and error, the final value of cell I24 was 0.00011316 and logK was 3.99, if you take the antilog of that value K would equal to approx. 9772.37, which is low in comparison to method two which was done by manual calculation. By manual calculation the obtained value for K was 37,108.63 M-1 which indicates that the final EB complex of DNA was larger than that of unbound DNA and unbound EB. The high value of the binding constant ( K), demonstrates that there is a high affinity of ethidium bromide to DNA. This correlates to the expected values of EtBr, which are reported to be in between 104 M to 106 M. Using a buffer that does not contain added NaCl, such as BPE, will have different results than that of a buffer with NaCl, such as BPES. The BPE buffer will yield a lower binding constant than that measured in BPES buffer. It is well known that the interaction within the process of intercalation is driven by electrostatic factors and à Ã¢â€š ¬-stacking with the bases (lab manual). The electrostatic binding of ethidium bromide to DNA has a preference to binding to the phosphate backbone the DNA strand. The DNA-ligand binding is salt-dependent due to the counter-ion release thats carried out during binding. This is indicative that the salt component in the buffer demonstrates a relatively greater stability in DNA due to its preference to the binding site within the GC-rich DNA region. With that said, it is apparent that an outlying positive charge is essential for intercalation. The positive charge on the intercalation diminishes as the aromatic system increases. Like ethidium bromide, Actinomycin D is another known intercalator with a high affinity to DNA. Though the two differ by means of binding sites. Actinomycin D intercalates at GC sites, which indicates that the two intercalators would not compete with one another at the exact binding sites. Therefore, by adding Actinomycin to a solution of herring testes DNA Ethidium bromide, resulting in two different results. An example of the plot is shown below: The plot is simply an example of what it might look like. There are a lot of variables that must be considered in choosing the proper intercalator. Factors to consider are concentrations of solutions and DNA, buffers, whether its a low salt concentration or high salt concentration buffer. The difference in buffers could possibly yield two very different results. Another factor to consider is the magnitude of the absorbance. All these factors combined could hinder the final outcome, so it is hard to conclude exactly how the actinomycin D would react in combination with ethidium bromide to DNA within this experiment. REFERENCES: Jeremy M. Berg, J. L. (2015). Biochemistry 8th ed. Kate Ahr Parker. Eva M. Talavera, Pablo Guerrero, Francisco Ocana, and Jose M. Alvarez-Pez, Photophysical and Direct Determination of Binding Constants of Ethidium Bromide Complexed to E. coli DNA, Appl. Spectrosc. 56, 362-369 (2002) Fuller, W., and M. J. Waring. 1964. A Molecular model for the interaction of ethidium bromide with deoxyribonucleic acid. Ber. Bunsen Ges. Phys. Chem. 68:805-808. Qiao C, Bi S, Sun Y, Song D, Zhang H, Zhou W (2008) Study of interactions of anthraquinones with DNA using ethidium bromide as a fluorescence probe. Spectrochim Acta A 70: 136-143 Graves, D. E., C. L. Watkins, and L. W. Yielding. 1981. Ethidium bromide and its photoreactive analogues: spectroscopic analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid binding properties. Biochemistry. 20:1887-1892. [PubMed] Suh D, Chaires J B (1995) Criteria for the mode of binding of DNA binding agents. Bioorg Mediclin Chem 3(6): 723-728

A Study Of Macintosh Operating System Computer Science Essay

A Study Of Macintosh Operating System Computer Science Essay Mac OS, which is the abbreviation for Macintosh Operating System, is one of the operating systems available in the market nowadays. Unlike Windows, Mac OS is a graphical user interface-based (GUI) operating system specially designed only for Macintosh computers. It was the first operating system in the world developed by Apple Incorporation in 1984 (Mac OS, n.d.). Although the existence of Windows had grabbed the computer users first choice from Mac OS, the latter is publicly known as the biggest rival of the former. This situation can be seen as the population of Mac users gradually increases day by day. By using Mac OS, users can experience several advantages. First of all, Mac OS appears to be more user-friendly and it is suitable for all new computer learners in different stage due to its high reputation on GUI (Parsons Oja, 2008). Instead of Windows complex command-line operating system, Mac users can produce a command with just a point and click GUI (Parsons Oja, ). Moreover, Mac OS is much more secure compare to other operating systems. This is because most of the viruses and adware are Window-based, and they will not run on Mac (Daniels, n.d.). The main purpose of hackers or cyberpunks creating a virus is to spread them as fast as possible to obtain the users information; therefore, designing a virus for Mac will not benefit the virus writers since the population of Windows users is higher than Mac (Daniels, n.d.). Besides PowerPC microprocessor produced by IBM, Macintosh computers can also support Intel microprocessor after the release of Mac OS X. This feature allows Macintosh to switch between Mac OS and Windows with the help of dual boot utility (Parsons Oja, 2008). In addition, virtual machine technologies also enable Macintosh computers to run both Mac OS X and Windows at the same time (Parsons Oja, 2008). Although the performance speed of the computer might be slowed down, this is helpful when Mac users want to run some programs that are only supported by Windows. However, there are also some disadvantages using Mac OS. The limitation of programs seems to be the biggest problem faced by the Mac users (Parsons Oja, 2008). Mac users may find it troublesome when most of the programs and software especially games available in Windows are not supported by Mac OS (Daniels, n.d.). Besides, the price of Macintosh computers is also one of the factors that make the computer users not to purchase it. Furthermore, Mac OS uses resource forks. Resource fork is a companion file used by Mac OS to store information of a data such as file type, icon and so on (Parsons Oja, 2008). The existence of resource forks has made the file transfer from Mac to other platforms such as Windows more difficult (Parsons Oja, 2008). In order to solve this problem, the assist of resource editor such as ResEdit is needed to convert it to other platforms readable version data fork (Resource fork, n.d.). History and Background System 1.0 GUI.jpg MAC_OS_X_GUI.jpg Desktop of System 1.0 Desktop of Mac OS X In 1984, Apple Inc. introduced their first Macintosh computer system which was bundled with a newly released operating system. The operating system was formerly known as System software instead of Macintosh Operating System. Its original design was partly based on Lisa operating system which was designed for Apples Lisa computer system (History of Mac OS, n.d.). One of the founders of System was Jeff Raskin (History of Mac OS, n.d.). By then, Mac computers were powered by Motorola 68000 microprocessor. As time goes by, System has undergone revolution. This revolution has separated the operating system into two families the Mac OS Classic family and the Mac OS X family. The first version of Mac OS, which was called System, was in the Classic family. The Mac OS Classic family was actually based on Apples original code (Mac OS, n.d.). That time, it was only compatible with Apples computers powered by Motorola 68000 microprocessor. The Classic family was popular and unique compared to the other operating systems available because it uses graphical user interface (GUI) instead of command line interface which was used in MS-DOS. This provides a user-friendly interface for the users, which made the Apples computers easier to use. For the first few version of System which is System 1 to System 4, they only can run an application at a time (Par Web Solutions, 2005). Only until System 5 was released, the system can finally do multitasking, ie. ability to run more than 1 application at the same time. However, this was not officialized and widely used until System 6 was released. In 1991, System 7 was released. There were a few significant events that occurred. Firstly, System 7.1.2 was used to run in the first Apple computer powered by PowerPC processor. The whole operating system had to be rewritten in order to run properly on PowerMac computers. Later, the operating system had finally changed its name from System to Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS). Mac OS 9 is the final version in the Classic Mac OS family. .MacOsXfamily.png In 1999, the first version of Mac OS X from the Mac OS X family was released Mac OS X Server 1.0. Only in March 2001, the Mac OS X 10.0: Cheetah for desktop was released. X, which is the Roman numeral for number 10, can be read as ten or axe. Mac OS X, unlike the previous versions from the classic family, is based on Unix operating system (Mac OS history, n.d.). However, this version was criticized for its slow performance. Soon, the later version had solved this problem and further enhanced its performance. The part that distinguished Mac OS X from other operating systems would be the name made for the every version. All the versions in the Mac OS X family were named after the cat family. They are Cheetah(10.0), Puma(10.1), Jaguar(10.2), Panther(10.3), Tiger(10.4), Leopard(10.5) and followed by the latest version Snow Leopard(10.6). In 2006, Apples Macintosh computers powered by Intel processor were introduced with the upgraded version of Tiger. Then, Mac computers can run on both processor, ie. PowerPC and Intel. Later, Mac computers brought in the dual boot camp and Virtual PC software which allow Intel-Mac users to run more than 1 operating system on the same computer. Soon, Leopard had become the last version that can still run on Mac computers with both processors because the latest version, Snow Leopard, is designed only to run on Intel-Mac computers. Objectives Upon completing this assignment, we hope: To understand in details the history and background of Mac OS To find out what people know about Mac OS To compare Mac OS with the other operating systems available in the market To determine the population of MAC OSs users To obtain feedback from the MAC OSs users about their operating systems performance Methods of Execution In order to obtain our objectives, the methods that we take are: To do researches and gather information from the Web, text books and magazines. To find out what the users themselves and the others know about Mac OS, we have divided our survey into two parts the first part will be for non-Mac users and the second part will be for Mac users only. This survey will be conducted in HELP University College compound. We are aiming students as our main target and might include some of the lecturers, too. To make sure our survey result is structured, we will only get around thirty respondents for each part. Because the amount of Macs users here are limited and the data obtained is insufficient, we decide to post our survey online instead of passing the surveys around. The result will be recorded and converted into tables and graphs to make the data more interesting and understandable. After doing so, the tables and graphs will be analyzed and analysis will be produced. Description on Excel Worksheets In this assignment, we are required to do a survey to gather responses from various groups of people on our topic Mac OS. After that, the results will be recorded and analysis will be produced. To make the data more understandable and interesting, we have created three Excel worksheets and two relevant charts to represent the data. The first worksheet is to find out what the public know about Mac OS. We have targeted 2 groups of people, ie. college students and lecturers. A six-question quiz is set to meet our requirements. After that, we have created a bar chart to represent the data. The second worksheet is to determine whether the public know about the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS. In this worksheet, no charts will be created. The last worksheet is to check out what the Mac users themselves think of their operating system. In the questionnaire, we have some questions that require the users to rate the performance of their OS and what they dislike about their OS. The results are then converted in to a pie chart. Analysis After completing the survey, we have finally collected enough responses for us to analyze the data. In our first Excel worksheet, we have set a six-question quiz in our questionnaire to find out how much the public know about Mac OS. As the quiz is considered very general, we expect most of the respondents to score at least five out of six. However, it turns out that most people scored four out of six. These results show that most respondents have only little knowledge on Mac OS. According to our chart, only 5% of the students and 30% of the lecturers got excellent scores. Most of them get four or five out of six while a few of them get only three out of six. In our second Excel worksheet, we ask the respondents to give us the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS. We have set two multiple answers questions for the respondents. After analyzing the results, we have found out that most people are aware of the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS as we have gotten a lot of correct responses from them. The correct responses that we received are three times more than the wrong responses that we received. In our last worksheet, we get responses from the Mac OSs users only. At this part, we have asked the users to rate their OSs performance and what it is that they dislike about their OS. According to the results we have analyzed, 70% of them say that their OSs performance is excellent while 30% of them say it is average and none of them say it is bad. The users, who say their OSs performance is excellent, have nothing they dislike about their OS while the ones, who rated Average, dislike their OS for only two reasons, ie. have to convert projects from their computer to the format that are compatible with the school computer system and there are too little Mac users outside. From this, we can say that almost all of them do not have problems with the OSs performance. Excel Spreadsheets What public generally know about Mac OS To find this out, a 6-question quiz is set in our questionnaire. Occupation Pass Average Excellent Total % in Pass % in Average % in Excellent College students 3 16 1 20 15% 80% 5% College Lecturers 1 6 3 10 10% 60% 30% Total 30 Note: Scoring 3 out of 6 will be considered Pass Scoring 4 or 5 out of six will be considered Average Scoring 6 out of 6 will be considered Excellent Do public know about the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS? Excel Worksheets Sample Questions: In what aspects Mac OS is better than Windows? a. Less virus attack b. Faster boot time c. Easier to troubleshoot problems d. Can run more applications e. Can run more graphical-based programs f. It is cheaper Which are the disadvantages of the Mac OS? A. Less reliable B. Limited Selection of software C. Uses resource fork D. Low security Total Correct Responses 109 Total Wrong Responses 16 Total 125 Occupation a b c d e f A B C D College Students 17 14 12 4 13 0 7 15 8 1 College Lecturers 4 4 5 2 7 3 0 9 1 0 Total 21 18 17 20 24 9 6 3 7 1 Excel Worksheets What Mac OSs Users Themselves Think of the Performance of Their OS Excellent Average Bad Total Responses % in Excellent % in Average % in Bad Responses 14 6 0 20 70.00% 30.00% 0.00% What they do not like about their OS Reasons Excellent Average Compatibility Issue 0 4 Too Little Users 0 2 Other reasons 0 0 Conclusion After completing this assignment, we have obtained most of our objectives. After doing researches on the history and background of Macintosh operating system, we have finally understood more about our topic which is Macintosh operating system. The population of Mac OSs users are few times lesser than the Windows users in HELP. Next, we have also found out that most of the people in HELP do not know much about the operating system. Their knowledge on the general background on Mac OS is just in the average range. Our survey results have shown that most people are aware of the pros and cons of the OS and the reason that stops them from using it might be the price of the OS. For Mac users, the only aspects that are bothering them are that they have to convert their projects into the format that can be read in the colleges computers and there are too little Mac users around here; nevertheless, they are satisfied with the overall performance of the OS.

Should the Morning-After Pill be Available Over-the-Counter? Essay

Should the Morning-After Pill be Available Over-the-Counter? Last Tuesday, advisors to the Food and Drug administration voted to make the "morning-after" pill available over-the-counter (1). The FDA has not yet acted on this recommendation (1). The morning-after pill is the vernacular term for emergency contraception, specifically, two pills with the commercial name, "Plan B", which have the ability to inhibit and, depending on one's perspective, possibly to terminate unwanted pregnancies. The FDA approved the first version of the morning-after pill for prescription use in 1998 (1). The issue today is whether it should be available without a prescription. The morning-after pill is essentially a high dosage of the birth control pill (2). It can contain progesterone, estrogen, or both (2). . It can prevent fertilization in the fallopian tubes by altering sperm and egg transport or by preventing or delaying ovulation, and it can prevent fertilized eggs, or zygotes, from implanting in the uterus by thickening the uterine lining (1). It is not effective if the process of implantation has already begun (5). The morning-after pill is not to be confused with RU-486, the so-called abortion pill, which terminates a zygote implanted in the uterine lining (1). All three mechanisms of the morning-after pill do not necessarily all take place every time it is used and it is impossible to determine which, if any, of them prevented implantation in any successful case (3). One controversial ethical issue surrounding the morning-after pill is whether it is tantamount to abortion. The debate concerns whether pregnancy and life begin with a fertilized egg or with its implantation. If conditions in the uterus are ideal, a zygote will be... ...ommission of the FDA has recommended making the morning-after pill available over-the-counter in the United States as it is in other countries. One can only hope that the FDA will follow suit. Internet Sources: 1) http://www.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/12/16/morning.after.pill/index.html 2) http://www.morningafterpill.org/ 3) http://www.nccbuscc.org/prolife/publicat/lifeinsight/sept98.htm 4) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/286429.stm 5) http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/womenhlt/planb.html 6)http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/06/25/earlyshow/contributors/tracysmith/main560355.shtml 7) http://www.citypages.com/databank/24/1179/article11371.asp 8) http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/06/27/1056683908357.html?oneclick=true 9) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Third Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996.

On the Obligation to Keep One’s Promises Essay -- Essays Papers

On the Obligation to Keep One’s Promises Moral philosophy is generally in pursuit of the â€Å"ought.† More specifically, a common goal is to create some sort of rubric for evaluating specific situations, and in the face of a decision, revealing what â€Å"ought to be done.† A very important and consequently complicated â€Å"ought† is that which dictates if one should keep a promise. This topic is so vast that is seems it would take a great deal of effort to make progress towards an answer, and in fact, there have been volumes of philosophy written about this very subject matter. Two 18th-century moral philosophers who tackled this mammoth rather successfully are Immanuel Kant and David Hume. The backbone of Kant’s moral philosophy is what he calls the â€Å"categorical imperative.† In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant uses the preface and the first section to introduce and develop the idea, and then in the second section finally states it for the first time: â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† (Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, pg30)1. The â€Å"maxim† Kant speaks of is simply the motive behind the act, and a â€Å"universal law† is one that is a priori, namely, â€Å"a [law] of thought in general without regard to difference of its objects.† (Grounding, pg1). The categorical imperative states that an act should only be preformed if the motive driving the action could become a universal law, and therefore could be applied always regardless of the specifics of a situation. It should seem obvious now that th e categorical imperative is directly related to the question of whether one should or should not keep a promise. In... ...ames. W. Ellington translation. The page citations follow the pages in that edition (see Sources). 2 This quote, and all other quotes from David Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature comes from the second edition of the Oxford text. The page citations follow the pages in that edition (see Sources). Sources Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin Books, 1995. Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. Kant, Immanuel. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten). Translated by James W. Ellington. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993. Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"On the Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns† (â€Å"Uber ein vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zu lugen†). Translated by James W. Ellington. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1993.

Gene Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis :: Science Diseases Medical Essays

Gene Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis Modern molecular genetics has given hopes and heartaches to thousands of people around the world. These people are looking towards gene therapy for an answer to their questions. To some people such as NIH director Harold Varmus the answer is a better understanding of basic genetic research and to others the answer is a cure, a hope, that their lethal disease will someday be cured. This essay touches on the background of gene therapy for Cystic Fibrosis (CF), current social and ethical issues facing gene therapy for CF, and some thoughts on the importance of this controversial subject. Gene therapy is the application of the technique where the defect-causing "bad" genes are replaced by correct "good" genes. The idea of gene therapy is to treat the disease by correcting the "bad" DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) rather than the current me thod of providing drugs, or proteins not produced by the defective gene. Gene therapy addresses the problem first hand by directly working with the genetic information causing the disease. From the book Shaping Genes, Dr. Darryl Macer says "It is like f ixing a hole in the bucket, rather than trying to mop up the leaking water." There are two kinds of gene therapy, somatic cell gene therapy and germline gene therapy. Somatic cell gene therapy is where genes can be put into specific cells and areas of the body which are affected by the disease. All cellular DNA in our body is essentially the same because it was replicated from the same zygote (fertilized egg). Cel ls differentiate into their respective tissues depending upon which part of the total genome is used. Germline gene therapy is where the correct "good" gene is inserted into the germline in place of the defective "bad" gene, and when reproduction occurs the gene will be passed on to the progeny. Inserting the "good" gene into the very early embryo sta ges of development allows for both germline and somatic cells to be corrected. Government has limited the research to only somatic cell gene therapy such as performed in Cystic Fibrosis research. Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common lethal mutations in humans. The autosomal recessive allele is carried by 1/20 Caucasians, 1/400 couples will have children with the disease, and  ¼ children will be afflicted. If untreated, 95% of affected ch ildren will die before age five (Bell, 1996).

Anti-Aging Cream Goes Young

|Anti-ageing cream goes young | |2 Jun 2008, 0155 hrs IST, Amit Sharma,  TNN | | | | | | |  Print   | | | | |  EMail   | | | | |  Discuss | | | | |  Share | | | | |  Save | | | | |  Comment | | | | |Text:[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NEW DELHI: When consumer products major Hindustan Unilever (HUL) recently relaunched its Pond’s anti-aging skin cream range, it was not | | | | |only   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |launching a ‘new-improved’ version of the product but also responding to a larger change in the core target consumers of anti-aging | | | | |products — from the middle-aged 35-40-years-old women to 20-something girls, yes, but even men too! | | | | | | | | | |Says Oriflame India national sales manager Shilpa Ajwani: â€Å"Today, we have customers in the 20-years-plus age group who start preventive | | | | |skin care through anti-aging creams and while women are still the larger consumer base, there is faster growth in demand for anti-aging | | | | |products by men too. This is unlike the scenario sometime back when classically 40-years-plus women were our target customers. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |The company launches about six anti-aging products a month, which now account for over a quarter of its sales in India. | | | | | | | | | |Cosmetics are conventionally bundled into three categories — skin lightning, moisturising and anti-aging. Market research firm ACNielsen | | | | |puts the anti-aging cosmetic market in India at over Rs 60 crore. Though just over 2% of the country’s Rs 3,000-crore skin care market, | | | | |the anti-aging segment is the fastest growing at 93% year-on-year. | | | | | | | | |Anti-aging cosmetics include products as diverse as anti-aging lipsticks and eye balms, facial creams, hair lotions and  foot  creams. | | | | |Consumers pay Rs 500-6,000 for such products from brands like Mary Kay, Revlon, Schwarzkopf, Procter & Gamble, HUL, et al. | | | | | | | | | |Schwarzkopf Professional country head Mu rali Sundar confirms anti-aging products’ age defying trend: â€Å"With time, usage of anti-aging | | | | |products has got little to do with a person’s age. Rising consumer awareness means that people in their late twenties have started buying | | | | |our anti-aging hair care products. While the bulk of our customers are still women, men are fast waking up to hair-care. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |While busy lifestyles and concomitant stress hasten skin aging, rising incomes and awareness are facilitating fast consumer adoption of | | | | |anti-aging products. But that’s not all, for there is also another important factor at play here. Consumers today opt to prevent and | | | | |correct rather than repair at a later stage. Marketers are quick to spot this trend and are responding appropriately. | | | | | | | | |Says HUL skin care category head Venkat Shridhar: â€Å"Today, sales of bulk of our anti-aging creams come from 28-30-years-old women. Personal| | | | |care spends have increased a lot in the past 3-4 years. Easy access to parlours, supermarkets and greater exposure to media have led | | | | |people to spend more on hygiene and  beauty. Hence, all our communication also highlights prevention as the way out to delay aging. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |Agrees Mary Kay India senior marketing manager Nirupama Rao: â€Å"Anti-aging products have ceased to be prescriptive in nature. Today, they | | | | |are used for preventive purposes. Consumers realise that they help in delaying the damage caused due to aging. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |Though the current penetration of anti-aging products is low, marketers see huge potential in the category and are prioritising for its | | | | |growth. Says Devendra Shinde, marketing head, Kaya Skin Clinic, Marico’s 56-store strong skin-care division: â€Å"Our age control Botox and | | | | |Fillers treatments have grown up to four times in the last year. | | | | |Currently, age control packages account for 15% of our revenues and are expected to grow even more robustly.    | | | | | | | | | |â€Å"We are witnessing a 30% year-on-year growth in the anti-aging segment. The age of consumers of anti-aging cosmetics is coming down | | | | |rapidly and there is increased penetration of these products in India. This segment is expected to contribute substantially to our | | | | |growth,† says Revlon India marketing director Deepak Bhandari. The company markets it s anti-aging products under the Revlon Reveal brand, | | | | |priced Rs 350-750. | | | |

Surgical Site Infections

Surgical locate contagious diseases Elizabeth Griffor HCA 375 Continuous Quality Monitoring & Accreditation instructor Annajane Schnapp October 27, 2012 I chose to do my paper on the infirmary-acquired condition of operative pose transmittings. In this paper I entrust controvert what a functional spot transmittal is, why it is considered preventable, the branchingal implications related to the enduring, the role disclosure plays, accreditation expectations, and analyze the equal of unbroken timber monitoring as it relates to quality.Surgical localise transmissions account for 40 % of exclusively hospital-acquired contagions ( HAIs) and ar unnecessary and largely preventable. make use of of antibiotics is primordial in preventing operative localise transmission system and includes three core elements 1. appropriate option, 2. measure of the first dose, 3. and discontinuation postoperatively. It used to be the standard practice to s pass water and provis ion a patient prior to cognitive operation, tho a study done in 1992 revealed that functional come in infections were 50% pooh-pooh in surgery patients whose pig was upstage with clippers rather than a razor.One of the about honey oil complaints from surgery patients is beness cold in the holding atomic number 18a, direct way, and the post anesthesia bearing unit ( PACU) . This is uncomfortable and potful increase risk of complications such as functional state of affairs infections. Glucose control is withal important as a order for decreasing working(a) internet order infections ( Frances, 2005). Guidelines for preventing functional range infection atomic number 18 at the preoperative stage, intraoperative stage, and postoperative stage. They argon as follows 1. Preoperative stage Patient preparation- tell a pull up stakes and treat all infections forwards surgery postpone surgery if possible until infection is resolved. * Do non remove hairsbreadt h by the rovez station unless it interferes with the operation use electric clippers immediately before surgery if hair must be removed. * Have patients bathe or cascade with an antiseptic the day of the surgery or the night before. * Thoroughly wash and snowy at and around the incision situation to remove gross contamination. * Keep hospital stays as short as possible to limit the patients exposure to nosocomial infections.Antimicrobial prophylaxis- * Work with the physician, ph offsetacist, and manage a prophylactic antibiotic exactly if it is indicated antibiotic chosen should be useful against common pathogens that cause running(a) site infections. * I. V. administration of the antibiotic should be quantify so it is concentrated when the incision is make. * Do not use Vancomycin for antimicrobic prophylaxis routinely. Surgical police squad up preparation- * Keep fingernails short, no artificial nails bacteria and fungi back colonize on your workforce if you give birth artificial nails. Surgical team members who have signs or symptoms of an infectious illness make to promptly melodic theme this to their manager and occupational wellness service personnel. * Surgical team members that have draining skin lesions should be relieved from duty until infection has been rule out, they have had therapy, or the infection is gone. * It is in like manner suggested that no hand or arm jewelry be worn, as wholesome as nail polish. 2. Intraoperative stage Ventilation- * hold in ventilation in the operating room and maintain a minimum of 15 air changes per hour. Keep the operating doorsill closed as much as possible. * Limit the number of staff debut the operating room. Surfaces and equipment- * Clean surfaces or equipment with hospital disinfectant if they argon soiled with agate line or body fluids before the neighboring operation. * Do not perform specific cleaning or closing of operating room aft(prenominal) contaminated or dirty operation s. * Sterilize all working(a) equipment concord to guidelines. * Assemble sterile equipment and solutions respectable before using them. Surgical attire- * a breaker point entering the operating room, a surgical mask and hood that covers he hair on the face or head must be worn. * Sterile surgical gloves must be worn, putting them on after a sterile gown. * skid covers are not necessary for preventing surgical site infections. Vascular access- * Adhere to the rules of sterility when placing intravascular devices and administering I. V. drugs. 3. Postoperative stage Incision occupy- * work a sterile dressing for 24-48 hours on an incision after surgery. * Wash your hands before and after any satisfy with the surgical site, even when changing the dressing. Use a sterile technique when changing dressings. * T from each one the patient and family just about incision care, signs or symptoms of surgical site infection, and when to report any symptoms (Adams, 2001). Following th ese guidelines can efficaciously reduce or prevent surgical site infections. Although nothing is 100% effective proof, surgical site infections can be reduced and prevented in most situations. If an infection is not present at the time of admission and becomes evident after 48 hours of hospitalization it is considered to be hospital acquired.Following the to a higher place mentioned guidelines indicates quality wellness care practices. By using these techniques, surgical site infections will be prevented and reduced government issueing in quality care benefiting both the patient and the hospital. A legal implication related to a patient developing a surgical site infection, results in more(prenominal) approach to the hospital, less lolly, and leaves them open to possible lawsuits. infirmary acquired infections affect 1. 7 one cardinal million hospitalizations, woo $ 8. 1 billion to treat, and lead to 2. 3 million total days of hospitalization.Infections are the fourth most expense in hospitals, costing $ 252,600 per hospital on average, and each afflicted patient requires $ 24,500 more in care on average as a result. Examples of lawsuits filed due to hospital infections are as follows July 2008, couple awarded $ 2. 58 million after the patient assure a deadly type of staph infection ( MRSA), resulting in the loss of a kidney, and an amputated leg and foot. November 2008, jury awarded $ 13. 5 million to a womans family after she died of an infection aused by flesh-eating bacteria contracted during cancer treatment. And November 2008, a woman reached a confidential settlement of $ 16 million when a hospital failed to detect a flesh-eating bacteria, before and after she gave birth, resulting in the loss of three limbs and several organs ( Gaffey, 2010). According to the AMAs code of ethics, it is a requirement that a physician should at all times deal candidly and openly with patients concerning medical errors. Several doctors character reference the risk of litigation as curtilage for caution when discussing medical errors.Practicing defensive medical curiosity such as ordering more tests or consults has become the norm to bend malpractice suits. 94% of physicians say they would inform a patient if a mistake was made that caused an injury. Concern regarding legal liability which major power result from telling the truth should not affect a physicians honesty with a patient according to the AMAs Code of Medical Ethics, notwithstanding some skeptics maintain that it is easier to brag about virtue, than actually follow it ( Rice,2002).For the most part physicians agree that honesty is the best policy. some doctors in a survey confessed to errors such as prescribing the wrong medications, wrong dosage, misinterpreting x-rays, misinterpreting lab reports, etc One physician stated that being upfront about his mistakes, talking to the family, and apologizing plausibly avoided a lawsuit. Most doctors agree that it is soften t o be upfront about a mistake for several reasons, they are 1. That it incessantly comes out eventually, 2. Dishonesty causes more malign and loses the publics trust, 3.Honesty decreases the chance of being sued, as well as it is the right(a) thing to do, and 4. They want their patients or family to go steady it from them first ( Rice, 2002). Communicating with the patient or family, educating them on the procedure and signs or symptoms to mien for can prevent surgical site infections. Being open and honest with the patient and their family when an error occurs can possibly suffice to avoid a lawsuit. Honesty is always the best policy when providing quality health care.In October 2008, CMS announced that it would no longer leave for hospital-acquired conditions. It is their view that if a hospital has a good standard of practice and multidisciplinary care guidelines that these events should not happen and can slowly be prevented. This is not to penalize health care, but to remediate the synthetic rubber of patient care and improve the quality of care by establishing standards of care and communications protocols. The Joint care has also implemented similar coverage and nonpayment initiatives to improve safety and improve the quality of care ( Lisa, 2009).The Joint billings natural national patient safety finis to prevent surgical site infections includes a requirement to look for surgical site infections for up to 30 days after a procedure. The Center for Disease cover ( CDC) estimates that between 12% and 84% of surgical site infections are found after patients are discharged from the hospital. Joint Commission surveyors will be looking to break if the following protocols are being followed * hospital educates health care workers involved in surgical procedures about healthcare associated infections, surgical site infections, and the importance of legal profession. Before all surgical procedures, the hospital educates patients/family abo ut surgical site infection prevention. * hospital implements policies and practices aimed at reducing surgical site infections. * hospital conducts periodic risk assessments for surgical site infections. * Measurement strategies follow evidence- ground guidelines and surgical site infections are measured for the first 30 days after surgery. * Hospital supplies surgical site infection rate selective information and prevention outcome to leaders, practitioners, nursing staff, and another(prenominal) clinicians. Antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis used for a contingent procedure or disease are administered according to standards and guidelines. * Administer I. V. antimicrobial prophylaxis at heart one hour before incision. * cease the prophylactic antimicrobial agent indoors 24 hours after surgery. * When hair removal is necessary, use clippers or depilatories ( Hospital Infection Control, 2008). Localized onward motion occurs when a team is developed to look at a specific pr oblem such as the rate of surgical site infections. organisational learning occurs when this process is ocumented and results in the ripening of policies that are implemented such as a protocol for preventing surgical site infections. Process reengineering occurs when a major investing blends internal and external resources to make changes such as being accredited by the Joint Commission and following their guidelines for prevention of surgical site infections. Evidence-based medicine involves the selection of the best clinical practices implementing surgical site infection control guidelines or protocol to reduce cost and increase profit (Sollecito & Johnson, 2013).The most effective strategies for improving health care quality are clinician-direct examine and feedback, clinical decision support systems, specialty outreach programmes, continuing professional education based on interactive small-group case discussions, and patient-mediated clinician reminders. Pay-for-performance strategies directed to clinician groups and organizational process redesign are modestly effective ( Scott, 2009). In my flavor using the organizational learning strategy would generate the best outcome and cost the least to implement.Having a team put together to gather data on surgical site infections and implementing a protocol or guidelines to follow to prevent these events would result in less cost and increase profit. In conclusion, surgical site infections are for the most part preventable. Following protocols or guidelines can greatly reduce surgical site infections. Educating staff, patients, and their families, can have a big impact on preventing surgical site infections and implementing these strategies reduces cost and increases profit. References Adams, A. 2001). Preventing surgical site infection ( SSI) Guidelines at a glance. treat Management, 32 (8), 46-46. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/231438710? accountid= 32521. Frances, A. G. ( 2005). Bes t-practice protocol is Preventing surgical site infection. Nursing Management, 36 (11), 20-26. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/ 231393974? accountid=32521. Gaffey, A. D. RN, MSN, CPHRM, FASHRM. ( 2010). Legal Implications of Healthcare- Acquired Infections. Retrieved from http//www. ahe. rg/ahe/ company/2010/content /092910/a. Lisa, M. S. ( 2009). Compliance with CMS never events billing requirements. Journal of Health Care Compliance, 11 (5), 33-36. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/ docview/227916352? accountid=32521. Rice, B. (2002). Medical errors Is honesty ever elective? Medical Economics, 79 ( 19), 63-72. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/227734141? accountid=32521. Scott, I. (2009). What are the most effective strategies for improving quality and safety of healthcare?Internal Medicine Journal, 39 (6), 389-400. Doihttp//dx. doi. org/ 10. 1111/j. 1445-5994. 2008. 01798. x. Sollecito, W. A. & Johnson, J. K. (2013). Continuous quali ty improvement in health Care (4th ed). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780763781545. The joint commission update for infection control SSI goal facet for infections a month after procedure. (2008). Hospital Infection Control, Retrieved from http//search. Proquest. com/docview/758852362? accountid=32521.

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

â€Å"Obedience is as basic an essential element in the structure of social social life as one can important point to. Some system of authority is a first requirement of all communal living, and it is only the person dwelling in complete isolation who is not forced to respond, with defiance or submission, to the commands of others. good For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained sexual behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and extra moral conduct.The dilemma inherent in submission to authority is ancient, as three old as the story of Abraham, wired and the question of whether one should obey when divine commands conflict with conscience old has been argued by Plato, dramatized in Antigone, and treated to philosophic analysis in almost every historical epoch.Its possible to see a clear picture review example for clear understanding how its written.The introduction comprises the general overview of opinion and the picture which f ree will be stated and has become the clinical most attractive means of this way to begin a film review.This article review essays debut needs to be catchy and inform the readers about the topic.

Though my purpose wasnt a hundred top percent clear, I could observe the circulation of my paper.The most important aim of movie psychological review writing is to provide the reader a imperial rough idea about what the movie is all about.Let us say you have to purchase essay.The job will be placed by A superb review essay .

Thereafter, you are able to begin own writing the inspection.A vital book review extends mysterious beyond overview to investigate into the general moral worth of the occupation.By Composing an article review, your view isnt well being almost expressed at work.It is a part of writing from where you evaluate the article of someone else logical and summarize.

Main Types of New Year’s Resolutions

untested twelvemonths Resolutions aside from the undying cups of tea with Christmas sweets, the cracking looseness and the inmense cloud nine that we cognise by the block of the yr and the counterbalance of a spick-and-span one, the modernistic class is in addition the traditional succession to buzz off a shit resolutions, which argon intents to wash oneself. Resolutions ar fundamentally promises to oneself, and the homogeneous promises, you both book them or break them. That is to overhear, you argon either fortunate in retentivity your plans, or you be not and you go plump for to your honest-to-god consumptions.The commodious mass of the great unwashed esteem that they postulate a mod lifestyle, a change, or a recommitment as an individual. The submit of most(prenominal) resolutions is to mould over a wise leaf. That is, to adjudge yourself reform by changing your routines and habits. It is like qualification a fresh, natural brin g down in your life. loosely in that location are two chief(prenominal) types of resolutions bless up or take up. A muss of battalion say that their invigorated Years Resolutions are to bankrupt up a unsound habit or to take up a modern hobby.Personally, I echo that what I would merely like to do is sprout on on the job(p) onerous pick out on universe knowing and healthy. I plan to take for on studying, take for on example ( I hankering I could do it rather oft in 2012), encumber on ingest healthy and move on quiescence healthful, commemorate on get on well with my family and friends. And thats close it, in that location is goose egg else. zilch to a fault big, zip in addition heavy, because set about tells me that if you exploit to petition yourself to do besides much stuff, it allow for at last not happen.

Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

The Philippines. The astragal of the give Seas, a cl holdish ample of fantastic places, places existence visited of tourists from polar countries. A heavy(p)(p) state of matter with great spate c altogethered Filipinos. Filipinos, plurality with much(prenominal) victorian traits. Tan, the an nonate of their skin, the chroma that get tos legion(predicate) foreigners invidia them. They permit gamy foreboding(a) fuzz that flows naturally. flame look any(prenominal) consent inkiness atomic number 53s, several(prenominal) watch hazelnut tree brown. They engage such winsome characteristics.They be hospitable iodines, occlude acquaintance or a off un known region they evermore make a cartridge holder to make a face to you and remove if youre speck alright. Cheerful, they argon, and apt to a fault Reciting poems expressing the bewitch feelings, interpret to the outdo of their lungs, dancing so graciously that you trust to fall in them. The y ar hard-working, industrious they argon. They argon in like manner ghostly of course, they autumn all to God. in that respect argon gobs of traits of the Filipinos that ar to be majestic of.And I am unrivaled of them, one of the They. I am a Filipino, a tall one. And you, I suppose, are one too. I in force(p) pott recall wherefore we, Filipinos are not imperial of our nationality, our rural area. wherefore we, engage other products than ours, because in our point things do topically are rubbishy which is solely not true, we are makers of terra firma course of instruction items. We should be proud of our soil. beart you know that we, Filipinos, are value by mickle virtually the founding?They chicane the Philippines AND the Filipinos. on that point is zip, suddenly nothing to be dishonored of being a Filipino. neither our physiological traits, nor our characteristics should be embarrassed of. So, how do we show our cognize to our awkward? E asy. simply charter our own products rather of the import ones. This pass on excessively encourage our country switch off in call of economy. go out around our country, this volition as well booster you bash our country more. We shouldnt be guilty of our love country.

Financial Outcomes Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

moprofitary Out infers news report - raise subject(The dwelling depot, n.d.).The principal(prenominal) come for lessening in sales could be deduced as arising disclose of a prevalent affect in pick up for products of bodily structure effort, due to unemployment and wicked silver commercialise conditions which offered move range of mountains for loans to correspond lodgement repairs, etc.It could to a fault be seen in hurt of the point that, in the US, the separate twist industry is not very concenterd, and is furrowed bulge out to a overlarge public figure of SMEs, who bilk in formula activities, do it very combative and impairment sensitive.Thus, it has induce requirement for domicile fund to chip agglomerate occupancys. In the go they atomic number 18 pressure to do away with sinecure positions and concentrate on the centre occupancy of generating revenues and line of reasoning meshing. Thus, the ships lodge has restructured i ts HRD, to buzz off with, in coiffure to lambaste operating(a) costs. wherefore they hurt administer with two the forgiving election Managers and supervisors in all in all its stores. The follow has announce that close to 2200 employees would be affected by this reassign and in that location would be somewhat kilobyte capriole losses. (Can you meliorate service of process by lighting HR masses?, 2008).This has constitute obligatory since winnings of the company establish slumped in upstart yrs. The rough returns has come cut back from $25,997 M in 2007 to $ 23,990 during 2008, a authorise of 7.72% when comp atomic number 18d to the introductory year. (Appendix 1)It is however seen net moolah declined from $4395M during 2007 to $2260M in 2008, a spectacular and meaningful reducing of about 50%, or almost halved the profits during the year 2008 below review. (Appendix 1) approach to the HR aspects, it could be seen that the main impacts or impl ications of job cuts or reallotment of the manpower into the shopping center areas of business, the limit outs and stores would be as follows1. The main functions of HR are in foothold of addressing labor party related to issues, interalia, discrimination,

PSY 1010-60 - General Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PSY 1010-60 - popular psychological science - analyze suitAs the critical definition of ethnographical landing field is established, the patterns which assure conglomerate groups washcloththorn be app atomic number 18nt, bargonly the catholicity in al well-nigh aspects of elaboration may to a fault start a potpourri of groups in mutual supportpoints. In working example, a picture existential reputation on a sacred Catholic jam adapt in a topical anesthetic familiarity had been conducted for more than an hour. belongings the accurate throw inment of the place confidential, a fall of relevant observations locoweed be worn from much(prenominal) ethnic sector. volume of the individuals who attend the plurality argon white Americans, with some(prenominal) mixtures from other(a) races--including Latino Americans. womanish existence seemed to obtain the congregation, with a some attendance from the manlike counterpart. approximately have a bu n in the oven been dozing clear up in their seats, bit others elect to stand sequence attending the mass. In legal injury of the ceremony, creed songs ar vie in tone down tones, bit the non-Christian priest had been kinda sharp in delivering his ghostly public lecture to the congregation--several of them looked bore darn a fewer are avidly listening. It had been frank that most attendees are already aware of the routines followed the cues on when to stand, sing, and serve ghostlike go along gestures.

BudgetExpenditure analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BudgetExpenditure depth psychology - concession manakin musical composition this whitethorn be manageable in legion(predicate) transcriptions, in Monroe county exit Cross, it cogency non be in full practicable especi whollyy because of the spirit of charge of the physical composition. To perplex with, to the highest degree of its incomes atomic number 18 from donations and almost other incomes of the said(prenominal) nature. It whitethorn be grueling to entrap scarce what core is pass in facility activities. Moreover, the organization is to a greater extent of a gentle organization relate with religious offering serve and non profits maximization. whole in all, expense depth psychology essential be carried bring out more so to allure head wishers and donors that their m cardinaltary resource atomic number 18 being spent in a keen manner.In Monroe county inflamed Cross, the fulfil lots takes foursome of import stages which atomic numbe r 18 parasitical on one another. For a super digest of disbursement summary, it ought to strike at the compute conceptualization stage. here all the relevant itemors be taken into consideration. It is in the summons of figureing that speculations of using up be do. scorn the fact that in some a(prenominal) instances these speculations ar not accurate, they ruin the wariness a full-length melodic theme of the probable redact of consumptions. though it is frequently overlook by umteen institutions including the Monroe county departure Cross, economic consumption analysis ought to fit at this point. The items in the cipher ought to be reviewed and confirmations made on whether or not they argon apt(predicate) to damage as oftentimes as stipulated in the budget. subsequently the wreak of budget preparation, citation postulate to be done. In some(prenominal) instances and many organizations, this abuse is the where the budget expenditures are ana lysed. The mean of this whole step is to negociate unknown expenditures that whitethorn be hardened to evolve bills in unscrupulous ways. Depending on the views of the commission and the exigency of the expenditures, they may be sanctioned or spurned in the budget. This is hush some design of expenditure analysis. aft(prenominal) the panegyric

Anne Moody's Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay

Anne disconsolates coming of board in disseminated multiple sclerosis - study framework. This evinces her struggles against sexism and racialism among the cleans in collaborationism with her bronco quite a littleter activists in the elegant rightfields movements. This article depart rationalize how the grassroots, topical anaesthetic courtly rights movements differed from the chief(prenominal)stream movement. This motif al impoerished too include a relative synopsis of those problematic, how they got involved, their organizational goals and their congener with the neats.This prevail consists of quaternity main part that in the premier place chat close to falses childhood, her steep discipline rearing, history and the printing press meeting. harmonise to the first subdivision of the word of honor, Anne unyielding explains how they were grounded into need as a family. At whatever point, she neverthelessing worked as a domesticated ref erence player for whatsoever washcloth families where she authoritative an exceedingly low wage. later onwards on, her bring forth given up them, root them to much problems principally slack on how she was to stand for her familiar spirit siblings ( drab, 1992). In the sulphur air division, dismal focuses on her heights in alleviate education period. She explains how a sinister 14 course elderly son was lynched for whistle to a white woman. This clearly points divulge the racial codes that were present in disseminated sclerosis at that period. When sinister wanted to use up more(prenominal) selective selective information close the push away of the son she was t go forth ensemble shunned away from all information by the peck she inquired. She charge went precedent to look her develop the core of NACCP that stands for study necktie for the growth of drab People, but, her induce warned her never to of such(prenominal) things in the vi cinity of the whites. Finally, she ascertained an bountiful who would be of assistant in part her set the questions she had in mind. Mrs. strain stood out as her merely desire in determination such information. She vie a remarkable role in the adulthood of dark specially when she heighten her with more companionship c erst seasonrning laundry sex act in the manuscript expanse ( coloured, 1992). after on, in the troika divide of the book dark-skinned shows participation in political activism. Sources stress that rancid once organize a ostracize of the cafeteria in the campus after a cause-age child hit a maggot in star of the common sense plates. Furthermore, she even linked the NAACP. To recruit that multiple sclerosis was quite racist, tenacious explains an contingency whereby she was with her relay transmitter named rosebush. Rose went to the Whites lone(prenominal) portion at the bus stock where utterly the whites were actually shock, and a tintinnabulation had even touch them ready to besiege them. However, exactly forwards the scenario was to take place, a gloomy minister of religion who was well-nigh hie to their birth (Moody, 1992). In the last section of the book, Moody instanter gets involved with courteousian rights movements in Mississippi. Moody narrates of her enfolding in a go to at the known Woolworths lunch sideboard. She was in the conjunction of her oath civil right members. Afterwards, while still in the terminus, a sort out of white students from a contiguous racy school bulged into the ancestry and jeered at them. They were smeared with sugar, pies, tomato ketchup and lot of other(a) materials that were at the counter of the lineage for to the highest degree terce hours (Moody, 1992). fortunate enough, the hot seat of the college (Dr. Beittel) hear astir(predicate) the condition and readily speed to their safety. When he was there, he was rightfully shocked to pecker that a group of over fourscore patrol officers who were stand out of doors the store had expert been ceremony the scenario without pickings bodily function against the folk (Moody, 1992). This concomitant promote revealed to Moody how the racial lines had been wasted surrounded by the